India’s New Laws Threaten Free Speech With Harsh Penalties and Vague Definitions
India’s state governments are pushing new laws that could tighten restrictions on free speech and online activity. In Maharashtra, a controversial public security bill has sparked debate after its passage in the state assembly. Meanwhile, legal challenges and Supreme Court rulings are reshaping how speech protections apply to both individuals and digital platforms.
The Maharashtra state assembly passed the Maharashtra Public Security Bill, 2024, in December before referring it to a 26-member Joint Committee for further review. The legislation broadens the definitions of 'unlawful activity' and 'unlawful organisation', allowing authorities to target almost anyone under its provisions. Penalties include fines between INR 2 lakh and 5 lakh (approximately $2,300 to $5,800) and prison sentences of up to seven years, depending on the level of involvement.
The new bills in Maharashtra and Punjab introduce severe penalties for offences with unclear definitions. Legal and administrative bodies, including the Supreme Court and civil servant groups, have raised objections over potential misuse. If enacted, these laws could significantly alter how speech and online activity are policed in India.
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